NR NR507 Week 8 Final Exam
26 August 2024NR NR507 Week 8 Final Exam
Question: What term describes a condition where a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but have inadequate perfusion?
Answer: The term for this condition is “ventilation-perfusion mismatch,” specifically a “dead space ventilation” where ventilation is adequate but perfusion is inadequate.
Question: What is one of the functions of the pericardium?
Answer: The pericardium functions to reduce friction between the heart and surrounding structures during cardiac contractions by providing a lubricated space.
Question: Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to the poor absorption of which nutrients?
Answer: Bile salt deficiencies lead to poor absorption of fats, which results in deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K.
Question: When teaching about innate immunity, what key information should be included?
Answer: Innate immunity involves the body’s first line of defense, including physical barriers (like the skin), and innate immune cells (such as macrophages and neutrophils) that respond quickly to pathogens without prior exposure.
Question: A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions and the child reports difficulty breathing with the feeling of “not getting enough air.” What term should the FNP use to document this condition?
Answer: The FNP should document this condition as “dyspnea,” which refers to difficulty or discomfort in breathing.
Question: If the FNP notices that erythrocytes have an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, what term describes these erythrocytes?
Answer: These erythrocytes are described as “hypochromic,” indicating that they have reduced hemoglobin content.
Question: A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. What diagnosis is supported by these symptoms?
Answer: These symptoms are indicative of “gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).”
Question: A 25-year-old female experiences heavy menses with significant blood loss. What adaptation should the nurse expect?
Answer: The nurse should expect “iron deficiency anemia” as an adaptation to the significant blood loss.
Question: Which patient scenario will result in the development of active immunity?
Answer: A patient who receives a vaccine, which stimulates an immune response and provides long-term protection, will develop active immunity.
Question: How is chronic gastritis classified according to medical standards?
Answer: Chronic gastritis is classified as “chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa” and can be further categorized based on its etiology and histological features.
Question: A 16-year-old female experiences increased heart rate and strength of heartbeats after a near-miss accident. What state of the general adaptation syndrome is she experiencing?
Answer: She is experiencing the “alarm stage” of the general adaptation syndrome, characterized by the body’s immediate response to a stressor.
Question: A 50-year-old is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. What is the nature of this condition?
Answer: Gastroesophageal reflux is a “chronic condition” where stomach acid frequently leaks into the esophagus, causing irritation.
Question: What is the consequence of a low ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lung?
Answer: A low ventilation-perfusion ratio results in “hypoxemia,” where there is inadequate oxygenation of blood due to insufficient ventilation relative to perfusion.
Question: A 52-year-old male with urinary tract obstruction is expected to have which renal condition?
Answer: The patient is expected to have “hydronephrosis” and a “reduced glomerular filtration rate” due to the obstruction leading to urine buildup and pressure damage.
Question: A 40-year-old male who is a vegetarian and abuses alcohol is at risk for which type of anemia?
Answer: He is at risk for “folate deficiency anemia” due to inadequate intake and absorption of folate.
Question: A 20-year-old underwent an echocardiogram revealing a congenital defect in the papillary muscles. What effect might this defect have?
Answer: This defect may lead to “mitral valve dysfunction,” which can cause issues with heart valve function and blood flow.
Question: A 58-year-old female with fatigue, weight loss, and tingling fingers has lab findings of low hemoglobin and hematocrit, high mean corpuscular volume, and normal plasma iron. What type of anemia do these findings suggest?
Answer: These findings are consistent with “macrocytic anemia,” often associated with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Question: A 54-year-old male with a history of smoking presents with excessive tiredness and shortness of breath. Lab results show decreased pH, CO2, and normal bicarbonate. What diagnosis do these findings suggest?
Answer: The findings suggest “respiratory acidosis” due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or another respiratory condition affecting CO2 retention.
Question: A 50-year-old male experiences crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. What is a possible diagnosis?
Answer: The symptoms are suggestive of “inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),” such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
Question: If there is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, where would blood first back up?
Answer: Blood would first back up into the “right ventricle” of the heart.
Question: What is the most common cause of croup in children?
Answer: The most common cause of croup is a viral infection, typically caused by the “parainfluenza virus.”
Question: A patient’s anemia is characterized by erythrocytes with poikilocytosis. How would the FNP describe these erythrocytes?
Answer: The FNP would describe these erythrocytes as “anisocytotic” due to their irregular shape and varying sizes.
Question: For a newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome, what is the most important predisposing factor?
Answer: The most important predisposing factor is “prematurity,” as premature infants are more likely to develop respiratory distress syndrome due to underdeveloped lungs.
Question: What is responsible for initiating clonal selection in the immune response?
Answer: “Antigen-presenting cells” are responsible for initiating clonal selection by presenting antigens to T cells.
Question: A 39-year-old is diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. What behavior might have contributed to the development of this ulcer?
Answer: “Chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)” is a behavior that may contribute to the development of duodenal ulcers.
Question: A 50-year-old male who recently had a liver transplant and is on immunosuppressive drugs now has painful vesicular eruptions. Given his history of chickenpox, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: The most likely diagnosis is “herpes zoster (shingles),” which reactivates the varicella-zoster virus.
Question: A 5-year-old presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia. What should the FNP avoid when assessing the child suspected of having acute epiglottitis?
Answer: The FNP should avoid “using a tongue depressor” or performing a throat examination, as it can worsen airway obstruction.
Question: A 44-year-old patient with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding is also experiencing anemia. What is the primary cause of the anemia?
Answer: The primary cause of anemia in this case is “iron deficiency” due to chronic blood loss.
Question: What biochemical secretions help trap and kill microorganisms?
Answer: Biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms include “mucus, lysozyme, and defensins.”
Question: Which antibody class is the most abundant in the serum?
Answer: The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is “IgG.”
Question: A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism will show which of the following lab changes?
Answer: The lab changes typically include “elevated serum calcium levels and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.”
Question: What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Answer: The most common cause of hypothyroidism is “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.”
Question: Which hormone contributes to the development of insulin resistance?
Answer: “Cortisol” contributes to the development of insulin resistance.
Question: Which of the following treatments is commonly used in the management of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: “Antithyroid medications such as methimazole” are commonly used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Question: What lab result is indicative of primary hypocortisolism?
Answer: A lab result indicative of primary hypocortisolism is “low serum cortisol levels with high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels.”
Question: Which sensory deficit is associated with a basilar artery infarct?
Answer: A sensory deficit associated with a basilar artery infarct may include “dysesthesia or loss of sensation” in the extremities.
Question: Which electrolyte inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion?
Answer: “Calcium” inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Question: What occurs in hypercortisolism?
Answer: In hypercortisolism, commonly known as Cushing’s syndrome, “increased cortisol levels” lead to symptoms such as weight gain, hypertension, and glucose intolerance.
Question: What is a known trigger for the development of rosacea?
Answer: “Sun exposure” is a known trigger for the development of rosacea.
Question: What is a common symptom of a manic episode?
Answer: A common symptom of a manic episode is “elevated or irritable mood,” often accompanied by increased energy, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior.
Question: Where is peptic ulcer disease least likely to occur?
Answer: Peptic ulcer disease is least likely to occur in the “esophagus,” as it most commonly affects the stomach and duodenum.
Question: A 26-year-old female with a history of intermittent abdominal pain that feels like “burning in the upper stomach” occurring most often 1 hour after a meal is likely experiencing what type of ulcer?
Answer: These symptoms are consistent with a “duodenal ulcer.”
Question: Which statement accurately describes major depressive disorder?
Answer: Major depressive disorder is characterized by “persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness” and a loss of interest in daily activities for at least two weeks.
Question: What is the most common cause of cirrhosis?
Answer: The most common cause of cirrhosis is “chronic alcohol abuse.”
Question: The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that the underlying cause of depression is related to which factor?
Answer: The monoamine hypothesis suggests that depression is related to “deficiencies in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.”
Question: What is characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
Answer: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by “autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells,” leading to a deficiency of insulin production.
Question: A patient with Diabetes Mellitus experiencing delayed gastric emptying is experiencing what type of neuropathy?
Answer: The patient is experiencing “gastroparesis,” a type of autonomic neuropathy affecting the stomach.
Question: Which score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) indicates severe Alzheimer’s type dementia?
Answer: A score of “less than 10” on the MMSE indicates severe Alzheimer’s type dementia.
Question: What differentiates the risk factors for Ulcerative Colitis from Crohn’s disease?
Answer: The primary differentiating factor is that “smoking” is a risk factor for Crohn’s disease but is not associated with Ulcerative Colitis.
Question: Which factor is a risk for developing GERD?
Answer: Risk factors for developing GERD include “obesity, smoking, and certain dietary habits” such as consuming spicy or fatty foods.
