NR 576 Exam Prep Latest

1. What are the common causes of chest pain in older adults and how would you differentiate them based on history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests? (Answer: The common causes of chest pain in older adults are coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pleurisy, costochondritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and anxiety. You would differentiate them based on the following factors: onset, duration, location, radiation, quality, intensity, frequency, precipitating and relieving factors, associated symptoms, risk factors, and comorbidities. You would also perform a thorough physical examination of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems and order appropriate diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, blood tests, echocardiogram, stress test, computed tomography scan, or endoscopy.)

1. What are the common causes of urinary incontinence in older adults and how would you classify them based on type, severity, and impact? (Answer: The common causes of urinary incontinence in older adults are detrusor overactivity, urethral sphincter incompetence, pelvic organ prolapse, prostate enlargement or cancer, urinary tract infection, constipation, medication side effects, and cognitive or functional impairment. You would classify them based on the following types: stress incontinence (leakage with coughing, sneezing, or exertion), urge incontinence (leakage with strong or sudden urge to void), overflow incontinence (leakage with incomplete bladder emptying), functional incontinence (leakage due to physical or mental barriers to access the toilet), and mixed incontinence (combination of two or more types). You would also assess the severity and impact of urinary incontinence on the patient’s quality of life, daily activities, and social interactions using standardized tools such as the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire.)

1. What are the common causes of dementia in older adults and how would you diagnose them based on clinical criteria and diagnostic tests? (Answer: The common causes of dementia in older adults are Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and normal pressure hydrocephalus. You would diagnose them based on the following clinical criteria: cognitive impairment affecting memory, language, executive function, visuospatial skills or behavior; progressive decline over time; interference with daily functioning; exclusion of other causes such as delirium, depression, or medication effects. You would also order appropriate diagnostic tests such as blood tests, brain imaging (computed tomography scan)